Hyperglycaemia
Severity
Range
- MildBG 11–14, no ketones
- ModerateBG ≥ 15 or ketones 0.6–2.9
- SevereDKA / HHS (ketones ≥ 3, pH < 7.3, BG > 30 with osm > 320)
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Endocrine Causes
New-onset T1DM / T2DMDKA — missed insulin, infection, MIHHS — older T2DM, intercurrent illnessCushing's, acromegaly, phaeochromocytoma
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Infection / sepsis Causes
UTI, pneumonia, cellulitisSepsis (stress response)COVID-19, influenza
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Cardiac Causes
Acute MI (silent in diabetics)Acute heart failure
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GI / pancreas Causes
Acute pancreatitisPancreatic cancerChronic pancreatitis
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Drugs Causes
Steroids (oral / IV)ThiazidesAtypical antipsychotics (olanzapine, clozapine)Tacrolimus, ciclosporinIV dextrose, TPN
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Iatrogenic / behavioural Causes
Missed insulin dosesPump failureInsulin pen storage / technique errorDietary indiscretion